Add exceptions

Can't use std::exception because it dynamically allocates memory. This
implementation doesn't allocate memory, but also doesn't allow leaving
an exception message.

include/mtl/exception.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace mtl {
+
+/**
+ * \brief Generic exception interface
+ *
+ * Unlike the std::exception, this implementation does not use a what() method
+ * that returns a string. Instead, each derived exception provides an exception
+ * ID that can be queried through id(). IDs 0-100 are reserved.
+ *
+ * Corresponding exception IDs:
+ *
+ * invalid_argument:	10
+ * domain_error:	11
+ * length_error:	12
+ * out_of_range:	13
+ *
+ * range_error:		20
+ * overflow_error:	21
+ * underflow_error:	22
+ * system_error:	23
+ */
+class exception {
+	uint32_t m_id;
+
+public:
+	exception(uint32_t id) noexcept : m_id(id) {}
+	uint32_t id() const noexcept { return m_id; }
+};
+
+/**
+ * \brief Thrown when an invalid argument is passed
+ *
+ * Exception ID: 10
+ */
+class invalid_argument : public exception {
+public:
+	invalid_argument() noexcept : exception(10) {}
+};
+
+/**
+ * \brief Thrown when an input is outside the domain of an operation
+ *
+ * Exception ID: 11
+ */
+class domain_error : public exception {
+public:
+	domain_error() noexcept : exception(11) {}
+};
+
+/**
+ * \brief Thrown when an internal length limit is exceeded
+ *
+ * Exception ID: 12
+ */
+class length_error : public exception {
+public:
+	length_error() noexcept : exception(12) {}
+};
+
+/**
+ * \brief Thrown when an index is supplied that is outside a valid range
+ *
+ * Exception ID: 13
+ */
+class out_of_range : public exception {
+public:
+	out_of_range() noexcept : exception(13) {}
+};
+
+/**
+ * \brief Thrown when a value cannot be represented by the destination type
+ *
+ * Exception ID: 20
+ */
+class range_error : public exception {
+public:
+	range_error() noexcept : exception(20) {}
+};
+
+/**
+ * \brief Thrown when an arithmetic overflow occurs
+ *
+ * Exception ID: 21
+ */
+class overflow_error : public exception {
+public:
+	overflow_error() noexcept : exception(21) {}
+};
+
+/**
+ * \brief Thrown when an arithmetic underflow occurs
+ *
+ * Exception ID: 22
+ */
+class underflow_error : public exception {
+public:
+	underflow_error() noexcept : exception(22) {}
+};
+
+/**
+ * \brief Thrown when a system error occurs
+ *
+ * Exception ID: 23
+ */
+class system_error : public exception {
+public:
+	system_error() noexcept : exception(23) {}
+};
+
+}; // namespace mtl